The Best University in India

No, it is not one of the IITs. Or even Delhi or Calcutta.

It is Panjab University, which has come from nowhere to seize the 245th place.

NDTV thinks that it is something to do with a meeting last May.

"The increased representation for India in the rankings has been attributed to a two-day National Policy Dialogue in May on international rankings, when representatives of Times Higher Education were invited to meet with senior university leaders by India's Ministry of Human Resources Development and Planning Commission."

Someone at the MHRD thinks it is all about presenting the data to Thomson Reuters.

'“It is not that Panjab university has done significantly very well this year. The way we see it is that, they may have been able to present their data and information in a better and convincing way. The vice-chancellor himself is a researcher and he may have taken the effort to logically present the data," said a senior MHRD official.'

Phil Baty of THE is more helpful.

"Panjab University has done well in citation impact with good scores indicating that its academics are producing research which is widely used and valued by the academic community around the world as per Phil Baty, editor, Times Higher Education World University Rankings. He said that Panjab University though has not fared well on the research front. According to him, Indian Institutes have done well this year"

This is what actually happened. Panjab University performed poorly for Teaching, International Outlook and Industry Income - Innovation. It performed very poorly for Research with a score of 14 but "brilliantly" for Citations with a score of 84.7.

Panjab University's citations score is very largely due to its participation in the Large Hadron Collider project, which involves more than 2000 physicists in more than 150 research centers and 37 countries. Below is the list of physicists. Somewhere in there is someone from Panjab University. The publications related to the project are widely cited. For most universities this brings little benefit since the citations are spread out over many publications. PU, however, has a relatively limited research output so those citations lead to a very high mean citations per paper (normalised for field and year) and thus to a very high score, after adding in the regional modification.

So if Indian universities want to do well in the Rankings this is one way. Don't do too much research and get on the LHC project or something similar.

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MIT and TMU are the most influential research universities in the world

I hope to comment extensively on the new Times Higher Education - Thomson Reuters rankings in a while but for the moment here is a comment on the citations indicator.

Last year Times Higher Education and Thomson Reuters solemnly informed the world that the two most influential places for research were Rice University in Texas and the Moscow State Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI).

Now, the top two for Citations: research influence are MIT, which sounds a bit more sensible than Rice, and Tokyo Metropolitan University. Rice has slipped very slightly and MEPhI has disappeared from the general rankings because it was realised that it is a single-subject institution. I wonder how they worked that out.

That may be a bit unfair. What about that paper on opposition politics in central Russia in the 1920s?

Tokyo Metropolitan University's success at first seems rather odd because it also has a very low score for Research, which probably means that it has a poor reputation for research, does not receive much funding, has few graduate students and/or publishes few papers. So how could its research be so influential?

The answer is that it was one of scores of contributors to a couple of multi-authored publications on particle physics and a handful of widely cited papers in genetics and also produced few papers overall. I will let Thomson Reuters explain how that makes it into a pocket or a mountain of excellence.

Waiting for the Rankings

There are hints from the twittersphere that the latest Times Higher Education - Thomson Reuters World University Rankings will have something interesting. Will Caltech remain at number one? Will a couple of institutions from the BRICs fall out of the elite? Will Japan remain on top in Asia?

At first sight it would be odd if there were any significant changes since last year. The rankings suck in data about thousands of students, faculty, publications, income and citations and it is unlikely that there could be dramatic changes in any of these over twelve months or less. Moreover there have been no methodological changes. So how could there be any changes worth a headline or two?

There is first of all, the influence of what might be called the dark rankings, those universities that do not appear in the top 200 or the top 400 but are nevertheless influential in that the contribute to the mean scores against which the elite places are benchmarked.

The overall scores and the indicator scores given by THE to the elite universities do not represent absolute numbers but the distance from the average of all universities in the Thomson Reuters database. If the database expands and the new arrivals tend on average to perform less well than those already there then the mean scores of the elite would rise even if everything else remained unchanged.

If all the indicator scores rose at exactly the same rate then it would make no real difference. But if they did not it could mean that an expanding database could cause rises or falls in the rankings without any significant changes. In 2011 and 2012 it was noticeable that the mean scores of universities included in the rankings were higher for citations than for any other indicator and that the gap increased between the two years. This was most probably because the gap between the elite and the also-rans in the database was greater for citations.

If there has been a further influx of new institutions into the database this year then it might further benefit those universities that perform better for citations than for the other indicators.

We should also not forget the impact of TR's "regional modification" which rewards universities for being in a country that preforms poorly for citations. This means that a university's citation impact score is divided by the square root of the citation impact for the country as a whole.

If there is a decline in the citations of papers from a particular country then a university whose performance remains unchanged would get a boost because it is being compared to a lower national average. Equally, a rise in national performance could lead to a fall in the scores of flagship universities.

So we shall have to wait until tonight to see what happens.

Corruption and the Rankings?

One of the more interesting things about the publication of the QS and Times Higher Education world rankings is the reaction of university heads to minor rises or falls. Often they -- or their advisors --  display a thorough ignorance of basic procedures which are explained quite clearly by the rankers.

The Director of the Indian Institute of Technology at Kanpur, Indranil Manna, is reported to have said 


' “The standard of teaching, research and job placement are not the criteria for the ranking instead it is based on the paying capabilities of the institutions. An amount of one lakh and fifty thousand dollars needs to be paid to get a good ranking in such lists,” he claimed.
“These global rankings are more of a business rather than based on academic performance of institutions,” he said.'


and


"On IIT-Kanpur ranking at 295 in the 'QS World University Rankings', Manna said the institute was placed on the position based on old information provided on the its website.
“The ranking should have been after a team would have come to IIT-Kanpur and seen how the institute works. There have been so many students of IIT-Kanpur who have achieved so much on the world stage,” he said."


The Director should know that QS does not directly measure the standard of teaching or job placement and makes no claim to do so. Research, however, is measured by a reputation survey and by citations per faculty. Neither of these are very satisfactory but they are certainly criteria for the ranking. As for QS using old information from the IIT website, that is the Institute's fault for not keeping its site up to date, not QS's.

I am not a fan of QS but the claim about paying one and a half lakh dollars for a good ranking is way over the top and I suspect in a few days there will be a statement about a misunderstanding by a junior reporter.

I have a feeling that the Director has been getting mixed up with the QS Stars program.

What should be really frightening to Indian educators and students  is that the Director is apparently on a five member.committee appointed to "understand the methodology of the ranking agencies".

Not a very good start.

Reactions to the QS Rankings

Once again the publication of the QS rankings has led to a mixed chorus of triumph, lamentation and soul searching. In most cases there is a plea for more money to prevent national champions from falling further or to maintain their high position. Some commentators offered implausible reasons for changes, although I suspect that in some cases, ascent or descent may be due at least in part to the academic and employer surveys.

Richard Adams of the Guardian reported that:

"Cambridge has slipped down an authoritative list of international university rankings in a league table of top universities published on Tuesday.

It was ousted from second place in the QS World University Rankings by Harvard University; both were behind the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the list of the world's leading universities."

He reports that:

'John O'Leary, member of the QS global academic advisory board, said: "The UK invests below the OECD average in higher education, so it is unrealistic to expect its universities to continue to punch above their weight indefinitely.

"The current success of leading institutions shows how vital it is that the government matches the investments being made by other countries in order to maintain their world-class status." '

The Philippine Daily Inquirer noted:

"The country’s leading universities remain highly regarded in international academic circles, but most of them slipped in the latest ranking of the world’s top 800 universities by the ratings firm Quacquarelli Symonds (QS).

The University of the Philippines, Ateneo de Manila University and the University of Santo Tomas dropped in the 2013 QS World University Rankings, while De La Salle University maintained its place from last year. "

According to the Beirut Daily Star, cited in edarabia:

"Of the 11 Middle Eastern institutions on the list, the American University in Cairo was the only one to make an improvement from last year’s listing, jumping from 392nd to 348th.

AUB held steady at 250th in the world, while universities in Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Oman and Qatar precipitously fell from their spots at the middle and bottom of the international listing.

The reason for the decline was due to years’ worth of political instability and unrest, a researcher at the group said.

“Middle Eastern institutions are producing less widely cited research than in previous years, which may be related to unrest in the region,” said Ben Sowter, a researcher with the ranking organization."

This is not very plausible. If a university produces less research in 2012, that will probably mean that publication will start to decline two years later and citations in another two years and that will not have an impact on the rankings until 2016 or 2017. If the short-lived Arab spring had any effect on university rankings, it was probably more likely because of its impact on international perceptions reflected in the academic and employer surveys. Notice that universities in politically stable Arab countries fell while the American University in Cairo rose.


Meanwhile, Lucy Townend from the Manawatu Standard in New Zealand reports that:

"New Zealand universities' slide down world rankings has tertiary education leaders uneasy - saying Government investment in the sector is falling short of what's needed for them to keep up.
 
But Tertiary Education Minister Steven Joyce refutes any funding shortfalls, and says the rankings reflect the increased competitiveness of the international university market. "


heraldscotland proclaims that:

"SCOTLAND has three universities ranked in the top 100 in the world, according to a new international league table.

SCOTLAND has three universities ranked in the top 100 in the world, according to a new international league table.

The top Scottish institution is Edinburgh, which came 17th overall and fifth in the UK after climbing four places from last year.

 

The second ranked institution was Glasgow University, which came 51st after a rise of three places.

St Andrews took 83rd place after climbing 10 places in the rankings."

The QS Rankings

The QS World University Rankings top 200 have just been published. The top 800 will be released later today.

The top ten are:

1.  MIT
2.  Harvard
3.  Cambridge
4.  University College London
5.  Imperial College London
6.  Oxford
7.  Stanford
8. Yale
9. Chicago
10. Caltech

The Shanghai Rankings 2004-2013

One sign of the reliability of the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities is that at the top there is little change from year to year. It is difficult to get excited about Tokyo slipping one place to join University College London in 21st position although I must admit the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich moving up two whole places is rather intriguing.

These rankings are best used to study changes over a few years. Since 2004, according to data provided by the Shanghai rankers, the following countries have increased their membership of the world's elite of the top 100 universities

Australia          +3
Israel                +2
USA                 +1
Switzerland      +1
Netherlands      +1
Denmark          +1
Belgium           +1

These countries have seen universities leave the top 100.

Germany        -3
Japan              -2
UK                 -2
Sweden          -1
Italy                -1
Austria           -1


At the very top there is no sign of the erosion of English speaking dominance (academically I think Israel can be classed as English speaking). If anything, it is being extended although with a shift from the UK to the US and Australia.

Looking at the top 500, which we might consider to include world class research universities, the picture is different. From 2004 to 2013 the following changes occurred.

China                      +26
Australia                  +5
Saudi Arabia            +4
South Korea             +3
Portugal                    +3
Brazil                       +2
New Zealand            +2
Spain                        +1
Sweden                     +1
Turkey                      +1
Malaysia                   +1
Slovenia                    +1
Iran                            +1
Egypt                         +1
Croatia                       +1
Chile                          +1
Serbia                        +1
Mexico                      +1


USA                         -21
Japan                        -16
Germany                    -5
UK                             -5
Italy                            -4
France                        -2
India                           -2
Switzerland                -1
Netherlands                -1
Denmark                    -1
Hungary                     -1



Here the big story is the relative decline of the US, Northern Europe, Japan and India and the rise of China and, to a lesser extent, Australia, Korea, Southwest Asia, Southern Europe except Italy and Latin America.

There is very little sign of any Asian renaissance outside Greater China and Korea and maybe the Middle East. India has actually lost ground over the last decade and there is now only one institution from the whole of South Asia and central Asia.

     

The Webometrics Methodology

Isidro F. Aguillo of Webometrics has kindly sent me a summary of the methodology:

- The ranking intends to measure global performance of the 
universities using the web only as a proxy. Web design is mostly 
irrelevant, web contents are key if the web policy intends to mirror 
all the university missions on the web.

- We have a MODEL for the weighting of the variables in the composite 
indicator. It is the traditional "impact factor" developed several 
decades ago in bibliometrics adapted to the web: A ratio 1:1 (50%:50%) 
between ACTIVITY and IMPACT.

- For measuring IMPACT (visibility?, impact?, quality?) there are 
three alternatives: prestige surveys (THE, QS), peers citations 
(Leiden, NTU, URAP) or link visibility (number of external inlinks or 
backlinks). We use this last option because in this way we acknowledge 
a larger diversity of activities and missions and (very important) by 
a huge amount of users, a truly global audience.

- Personally I have two important objectives with the ranking: First, 
I am a scholar (scholar.google.com/citations?user=SaCSbeoAAAAJ) who is 
paid by the Spanish government to make scientific research, so the 
ranking provides me with a lot of valuable data useful for analysis 
and papers. Second, I have a "political" agenda, that is supporting 
Open Access initiatives.

- So, for measuring ACTIVITY the key issue is considering the 
full-text documents, so Openness consists of the number of files in 
pdf, doc, ppt and similar formats.

- An important innovation in the 3 latest editions is the Excellence 
indicator that is not really web related but intends to acknowledge 
the research intensive institutions. The data is provided by Scimago 
and reflects the top 10% more cited papers in 21 disciplines.