Friday, October 04, 2013

The Best University in India

No, it is not one of the IITs. Or even Delhi or Calcutta.

It is Panjab University, which has come from nowhere to seize the 245th place.

NDTV thinks that it is something to do with a meeting last May.

"The increased representation for India in the rankings has been attributed to a two-day National Policy Dialogue in May on international rankings, when representatives of Times Higher Education were invited to meet with senior university leaders by India's Ministry of Human Resources Development and Planning Commission."

Someone at the MHRD thinks it is all about presenting the data to Thomson Reuters.

'“It is not that Panjab university has done significantly very well this year. The way we see it is that, they may have been able to present their data and information in a better and convincing way. The vice-chancellor himself is a researcher and he may have taken the effort to logically present the data," said a senior MHRD official.'

Phil Baty of THE is more helpful.

"Panjab University has done well in citation impact with good scores indicating that its academics are producing research which is widely used and valued by the academic community around the world as per Phil Baty, editor, Times Higher Education World University Rankings. He said that Panjab University though has not fared well on the research front. According to him, Indian Institutes have done well this year"

This is what actually happened. Panjab University performed poorly for Teaching, International Outlook and Industry Income - Innovation. It performed very poorly for Research with a score of 14 but "brilliantly" for Citations with a score of 84.7.

Panjab University's citations score is very largely due to its participation in the Large Hadron Collider project, which involves more than 2000 physicists in more than 150 research centers and 37 countries. Below is the list of physicists. Somewhere in there is someone from Panjab University. The publications related to the project are widely cited. For most universities this brings little benefit since the citations are spread out over many publications. PU, however, has a relatively limited research output so those citations lead to a very high mean citations per paper (normalised for field and year) and thus to a very high score, after adding in the regional modification.

So if Indian universities want to do well in the Rankings this is one way. Don't do too much research and get on the LHC project or something similar.

Author(s): Bayatian, GL (Bayatian, G. L.); Chatrchyan, S (Chatrchyan, S.); Hmayakyan, G (Hmayakyan, G.); Sirunyan, AM (Sirunyan, A. 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Suarez); Tikhonov, A (Tikhonov, A.); Petrov, V (Petrov, V.); D'Hondt, J (D'Hondt, J.); De Weirdt, S (De Weirdt, S.); Goorens, R (Goorens, R.); Heyninck, J (Heyninck, J.); Lowette, S (Lowette, S.); Tavernier, S (Tavernier, S.); Van Doninck, W (Van Doninck, W.); Van Lancker, L (Van Lancker, L.); Bouhali, O (Bouhali, O.); Clerbaux, B (Clerbaux, B.); De Lentdecker, G (De Lentdecker, G.); Dewulf, JP (Dewulf, J. P.); Mahmoud, T (Mahmoud, T.); Marage, PE (Marage, P. E.); Neukermans, L (Neukermans, L.); Sundararajan, V (Sundararajan, V.); Vander Velde, C (Vander Velde, C.); Vanlaer, P (Vanlaer, P.); Wickens, J (Wickens, J.); Assouak, S (Assouak, S.); Bonnet, JL (Bonnet, J. L.); Bruno, G (Bruno, G.); Caudron, J (Caudron, J.); De Callatay, B (De Callatay, B.); De Jeneret, JD (De Jeneret, J. 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MIT and TMU are the most influential research universities in the world

I hope to comment extensively on the new Times Higher Education - Thomson Reuters rankings in a while but for the moment here is a comment on the citations indicator.

Last year Times Higher Education and Thomson Reuters solemnly informed the world that the two most influential places for research were Rice University in Texas and the Moscow State Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI).

Now, the top two for Citations: research influence are MIT, which sounds a bit more sensible than Rice, and Tokyo Metropolitan University. Rice has slipped very slightly and MEPhI has disappeared from the general rankings because it was realised that it is a single-subject institution. I wonder how they worked that out.

That may be a bit unfair. What about that paper on opposition politics in central Russia in the 1920s?

Tokyo Metropolitan University's success at first seems rather odd because it also has a very low score for Research, which probably means that it has a poor reputation for research, does not receive much funding, has few graduate students and/or publishes few papers. So how could its research be so influential?

The answer is that it was one of scores of contributors to a couple of multi-authored publications on particle physics and a handful of widely cited papers in genetics and also produced few papers overall. I will let Thomson Reuters explain how that makes it into a pocket or a mountain of excellence.

Wednesday, October 02, 2013

Waiting for the Rankings

There are hints from the twittersphere that the latest Times Higher Education - Thomson Reuters World University Rankings will have something interesting. Will Caltech remain at number one? Will a couple of institutions from the BRICs fall out of the elite? Will Japan remain on top in Asia?

At first sight it would be odd if there were any significant changes since last year. The rankings suck in data about thousands of students, faculty, publications, income and citations and it is unlikely that there could be dramatic changes in any of these over twelve months or less. Moreover there have been no methodological changes. So how could there be any changes worth a headline or two?

There is first of all, the influence of what might be called the dark rankings, those universities that do not appear in the top 200 or the top 400 but are nevertheless influential in that the contribute to the mean scores against which the elite places are benchmarked.

The overall scores and the indicator scores given by THE to the elite universities do not represent absolute numbers but the distance from the average of all universities in the Thomson Reuters database. If the database expands and the new arrivals tend on average to perform less well than those already there then the mean scores of the elite would rise even if everything else remained unchanged.

If all the indicator scores rose at exactly the same rate then it would make no real difference. But if they did not it could mean that an expanding database could cause rises or falls in the rankings without any significant changes. In 2011 and 2012 it was noticeable that the mean scores of universities included in the rankings were higher for citations than for any other indicator and that the gap increased between the two years. This was most probably because the gap between the elite and the also-rans in the database was greater for citations.

If there has been a further influx of new institutions into the database this year then it might further benefit those universities that perform better for citations than for the other indicators.

We should also not forget the impact of TR's "regional modification" which rewards universities for being in a country that preforms poorly for citations. This means that a university's citation impact score is divided by the square root of the citation impact for the country as a whole.

If there is a decline in the citations of papers from a particular country then a university whose performance remains unchanged would get a boost because it is being compared to a lower national average. Equally, a rise in national performance could lead to a fall in the scores of flagship universities.

So we shall have to wait until tonight to see what happens.