Sunday, November 10, 2019

When will Tsinghua Overtake Harvard?

One of the most interesting trends in higher education over the last few years is the rise of China and the relative decline of the USA.

Winston Churchill said the empires of the future will be empires of the mind. If that is so then this century will very likely be the age of Chinese hegemony. Chinese science is advancing faster than that of the USA on all or nearly all fronts. Unless we count things like critical race theory or queer studies.

This is something that should show up in the global rankings if we track them over at least a few years. So, here is a comparison of the top two universities in the two countries according to indicators of research output and research quality over a decade.

Unfortunately, most international rankings are not very helpful in this respect. Few of the current ones provide data for a decade or more. QS and THE have seen frequent changes in methodology and THE's citation indicator although charmingly amusing is not useful unless you think that Aswan University, Anglia Ruskin University and the University of Peradeniya are world beaters for research impact. Two helpful rankings here are Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), and Leiden Ranking.

Let's compare the comparative performance of Tsinghua University and Harvard in the Shanghai Ranking's indicator of research output, papers over a one year period, excluding arts and humanities. The published scores are derived from the square roots of the raw data with the top scorer getting a score of 100.

In 2009 Harvard's score  was 100 while that for Tsinghua was 55.8. In 2019 it was 100 for Harvard and 79.5 for Tsinghua. So the gap is closing 2.37 points every year. At that rate it would take about nine years for Tsinghua to catch up so look out for 2028.

Of course, this is quantity not quality so take a look at another indicator, Highly Cited Researchers. This is a moderately gamable metric and I suspect that Shanghai might have to abandon it one day but it captures the willingness and ability of universities to sponsor research of a high quality. In 2009 Tsinghua's score was zero compared to Harvard's 100. In 2019 it is 37.4. If everything continues at the same rate Tsinghua will overtake Harvard in another 17 years.

Looking at the default indicator in Leiden Ranking, total publications, in 2007-10 Tsinghua was 35% of Harvard and in 2014-17 56%. Working from that Tsinghua would achieve parity in 2029-33, in the rankings published in 2035.

Looking at a measure of research quality, publications in the top 10% of journals, Tsinghua was 15% of Harvard in 2007-10 and 34% in 2014-17.  From that, Tsinghua should reach parity  in 2038-42. in the rankings published in 2044, assuming Leiden is still following its current methodology.

So it looks like Tsinghua will reach parity in  research output in a decade or a decade or a decade and a half and high quality research in a decade and a half or two decades and a half.






Friday, October 25, 2019

Using Webometrics to Rank University Systems

Recently there has been some interest in ranking higher education systems in addition to institutions or departments. See here and here.  But both of these efforts, from Universitas 21 and QS, rank only 50 countries.

The Webometrics rankings attempt to cover every university in the world or anything that might conceivably claim to be a university, institute or college. The indicators comprise web activity and research output. So, there is data here to create a simple and comprehensive  ranking of countries. Below is the list of countries and territories ranked according to the world rank of the highest ranked university. If the Webometrics methodology remains unchanged it will be updated twice a year.

The table is not very surprising overall but it is worth noting that the leading Asian countries are already in the top ten and that Brazil and Mexico  are not too far behind. The performance of Arab countries is not too impressive even if they are rich in oil.

It's a safe bet that the highest ranked Chinese university will rise steadily over the next few years followed by South Korea and Singapore, but probably not Hong Kong and Australia.






Rank
Country
Rank of highest ranked university
1
USA           
       1
2
UK            
       7
3
Canada        
      19
4
Switzerland   
      32
5
China         
      33
6
Hong Kong     
      45
7
Australia     
      46
8
Singapore     
      50
9
Netherlands   
      63
10
Japan         
      69
11
Brazil        
      74
12
Denmark       
      76
13
Belgium       
      78
14
Finland       
      87
15
Norway        
      93
16
Germany       
      97
17
Sweden        
     106
18
Taiwan        
     111
19
South Korea       
     116
20
Italy         
     120
21
Spain         
     133
22
Mexico        
     141
23
Austria       
     150
24
New Zealand   
     153
25
Israel        
     157
26
Czech Republic         
     204
27
Portugal      
     208
28
Greece        
     224
29
Russia        
     226
30
Argentina     
     228
31
Ireland       
     230
32
South Africa  
     274
33
France        
     292
34
Chile          
     323
35
Malaysia      
     352
36
Argentina     
     372
37
Poland        
     388
38
Saudi Arabia  
     415
39
Iran          
     417
40
Estonia       
     440
41
Serbia        
     464
42
India         
     471
43
Turkey        
     475
44
Thailand      
     513
45
Iceland       
     533
46
Hungary       
     563
47
Egypt         
     602
48
Colombia      
     614
49
Croatia       
     619
50
Luxembourg    
     631
51
Puerto Rico   
     649
52
Belarus       
     684
53
Cyprus        
     700
54
Macau         
     720
55
Slovakia      
     732
56
Lithuania     
     750
57
Indonesia     
     771
58
Costa Rica    
     844
59
Malta         
     866
60
Romania       
     881
61
Bulgaria      
     934
62
Jamaica       
     953
63
Qatar         
     958
64
Peru          
     971
65
Kenya         
     987
66
Vietnam       
    1013
67
Slovenia      
    1103
68
Latvia        
    1106
69
Uganda        
    1129
70
Jordan        
    1149
71
UAE           
    1158
72
Philippines   
    1199
73
Ghana         
    1209
74
Nigeria       
    1233
75
Pakistan      
    1269
76
Ethiopia      
    1314
77
Oman           
    1346
78
Georgia       
    1423
79
Morocco       
    1515
80
North Macedonia   
    1569
81
Venezuela     
    1593
82
Ecuador       
    1638
83
Palestine     
    1646
84
Bosnia        
    1669
85
Kazakhstan    
    1793
86
Trinidad      
    1794
87
Iraq          
    1804
88
Brunei        
    1829
89
Fiji          
    1831
90
Bangladesh    
    1895
91
Tanzania      
    1913
92
Ukraine       
    1977
93
Sri Lanka     
    1981
94
Zimbabwe      
    2014
95
Algeria       
    2061
96
Cuba          
    2134
97
Bahrain       
    2161
98
Kuwait        
    2200
99
Mozambique    
    2280
100
Paraguay      
    2297
101
Mauritius     
    2422
102
Guatemala     
    2458
103
Uruguay       
    2499
104
Botswana      
    2583
105
Grenada       
    2583
106
Armenia       
    2643
107
Liechtenstein 
    2761
108
Montenegro    
    2878
109
Guam          
    2900
110
Sudan         
    2936
111
Bolivia       
    2960
112
Mongolia      
    2962
113
Benin         
    2980
114
Malawi        
    3001
115
Zambia        
    3001
116
Senegal       
    3008
117
Moldova       
    3151
118
Tunisia       
    3198
119
Rwanda        
    3220
120
Nepal         
    3243
121
Namibia       
    3316
122
Panama        
    3391
123
Cameroon      
    3527
124
Barbados      
    3538
125
Azerbaijan    
    3573
126
US Virgin Islands
    3579
127
Syria         
    3593
128
Burkina Faso  
    3634
129
Dominica      
    3679
130
Honduras      
    3892
131
Uzbekistan    
    4017
132
Libya         
    4040
133
Yemen         
    4126
134
Faroe Islands      
    4368
135
Madagascar    
    4372
136
Togo          
    4392
137
Eswatini      
    4428
138
Laos          
    4431
139
Nicaragua     
    4458
140
El Salvador   
    4542
141
Kyrgyzstan     
    4554
142
French Polynesia
    4640
143
Albania       
    4735
144
Monaco        
    4842
145
Dominican Republic
    4903
146
Cambodia      
    5060
147
San Marino    
    5107
148
Papua New Guinee
    5205
149
Greenland     
    5378
150
Afghanistan   
    5676
151
Lesotho       
    5872
152
Antigua       
    6040
153
Guyana        
    6149
154
Ivory Coast   
    6306
155
Anguilla      
    6374
156
Suriname       
    6641
157
Democratic Republic of the Congo     
    7033
158
American Samoa      
    7213
159
Myanmar       
    7221
160
Belize        
    7497
161
Micronesia    
    7962
162
Haiti         
    8082
163
Angola        
    8091
164
Bhutan        
    8159
165
Niger         
    8384
166
Sierra Leone  
    8560
167
Somalia       
   10154
168
St Kitts & Nevis
   10527
169
Cape Verde    
   10685
170
Andorra       
   10772
171
Gambia        
   11020
172
Seychelles    
   11235
173
South Sudan   
   12329
174
Cayman Islands
   13011
175
Samoa         
   13132
176
Bermuda       
   13431
177
British Virgin Islands
   13694
178
Maldives      
   13864
179
Palau         
   13864
180
St Lucia      
   13981
181
Tajikistan    
   14180
182
Djibouti      
   14186
183
Central African Republic           
   14433
184
Northern Marianas
   14444
185
Marshall Islands   
   15827
186
Gabon         
   16002
187
Aruba         
   16347
188
Solomon Islands    
   17867
189
Montserrat    
   18103
190
East Timor       
   18433
191
Guinea        
   18588
192
French Guiana 
   18703
193
Liberia       
   19463
194
Isle of Man   
   20029
195
Mali          
   20172
196
Mauretania    
   22144
197
Equatorial Guinea     
   23382
198
Niue          
   23892
199
Eritrea       
   24481
200
Turks & Caicos Islands
   27918